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The English word football may mean any one of several team sports (or the ball used in that respective sport), depending on the national or regional origin and location of the person using the word. So where English is a first language the unqualified use of the word ''football'' is used to refer to the most popular code of football in that region. The sports most frequently referred to as simply ''football'' are association football (or soccer), American football, Australian rules football, Canadian football, Gaelic football, rugby league football and rugby union football. Of the 45 ''national'' FIFA (Fédération Internationale de Football Association) affiliates in which English is an official or primary language, 43 use ''football'' in their organisations' official names (Canada and the United States use ''soccer''). ''Soccer'' is the prevailing term for association football in the U.S. and Canada, where other codes of ''football'' are dominant. In 2005, Australia's association football governing body changed its name from ''soccer'' to ''football'' to align with the general international usage of the term.〔(Soccer to become football in Australia ) (SMH.com.au. December 17, 2004) "ASA chairman Frank Lowy said the symbolic move would bring Australia into line with the vast majority of other countries which call the sport football".〕 In 2006, New Zealand decided to follow suit.〔(NZ Football - The Local Name Of The Global Game ) (NZFootball.co.nz. April 27, 2006) "The international game is called football and were part of the international game so the game in New Zealand should be called football".〕 There are also many other languages where the common term for association football is phonetically similar to the English term ''football''. (See the Names for association football article.) ==Etymology== An early reference to a ball game that was probably football comes from 1280 at Ulgham, Northumberland, England: "Henry... while playing at ball.. ran against David".〔Francis Peabody Magoun, 1929, "Football in Medieval England and Middle-English literature" (''The American Historical Review'', v. 35, No. 1).〕 Football was played in Ireland in 1308, with a documented reference to John McCrocan, a spectator at a "football game" at Newcastle, County Down being charged with accidentally stabbing a player named William Bernard.〔(Irish inventions: fact and fiction )〕 Another reference to a football game comes in 1321 at Shouldham, Norfolk, England: "()uring the game at ball as he kicked the ball, a lay friend of his... ran against him and wounded himself".〔 Although the accepted etymology of the word football, or "foot ball", originated in reference to the action of a foot kicking a ball, this may be a false etymology. An alternative explanation has it that the word originally referred to a variety of games in medieval Europe, which were played ''on foot''.〔 (a.) ( ICONS Online (commissioned by the UK Department for Culture, Media and Sport; no date) "History of Football" ); (b.) Bill Murray (sports historian), quoted by (''The Sports Factor'', 2002, "Tie Me Kangaroo Down, Sport" ) (Radio National, Australian Broadcasting Corporation, May 31, 2002) and (Michael Scott Moore, "Naming the Beautiful Game: It's Called Soccer" ) (''Der Spiegel'', June 7, 2006); (c.) (Professional Football Researchers Association (U.S.A.), (no date) "A Freendly Kinde of Fight: The Origins of Football to 1633" ). Access date for all references: February 11, 2007. 〕 These sports were usually played by peasants, as opposed to the horse-riding sports more often enjoyed by aristocrats. In some cases, the word has been applied to games which involved carrying a ball and specifically banned kicking. For example, the English writer William Hone, writing in 1825 or 1826, quotes the social commentator Sir Frederick Morton Eden, regarding a game — which ''Hone'' refers to as "Foot-Ball" — played in the parish of Scone, Perthshire: The game was this: he who at any time got the ball into his hands, run () with it till overtaken by one of the opposite part; and then, if he could shake himself loose from those on the opposite side who seized him, he run on; if not, he threw the ball from him, unless it was wrested from him by the other party, ''but no person was allowed to kick it.''〔 Conversely, in 1363, King Edward III of England issued a proclamation banning "...handball, football, or hockey; coursing and cock-fighting, or other such idle games",〔Derek Baker (England in the Later Middle Ages). 1995. Boydell & Brewer. p. 187. ISBN 978-0-85115-648-4〕 suggesting that "football" was in fact being differentiated from games that involved other parts of the body. The Oxford English Dictionary (OED) records that the first written use of the word "football" used to describe a game was in 1424 in an Act forbidding it. The first written use of the word ''football'' to describe the ball was 1486, and that the first use as a verb (hence footballing) was in 1599. Although the OED just indicates it is a compound of ''foot'' and ''ball'', the 1486 definition indicates that a ball was of the essence of the game. The word "soccer" originated as an Oxford "-er" slang abbreviation of "association", and is credited to late nineteenth century English footballer, Charles Wreford-Brown.〔 Ekblom mentions that while he was up at Oxford, Charles Wreford-Brown was asked at breakfast if he was playing rugger "No" he replied "I'm playing soccer" (Granville, 1969, p. 29). But Ekblom opinions that like the William Webb Ellis rugby story it is most likely apocryphal.〕 However, like the William Webb Ellis rugby story, it is believed to be most likely apocryphal. There is also the sometimes-heard variation, "soccer football". 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Football (word)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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